Quality Special Education Program Essay Example for Free

Quality Special Education Program Essay Recent reforms in education have emphasized the need for sensitivity and responsiveness to students social contexts. This is to increase not only the effectiveness of educational programs but also to create individual relevance to the student learning. Behavioral management is critical in special education programs because students behavior are often used by the public to determine the social roles and value of special-needs children. This can prove to be challenging for special education programs since social standards may vary in communities and therefore behavioral and social integration requirements will vary as well (Kopelowicz et al, 2006). Therefore, there is a need for special education teachers to have the means to evaluate individual student socialization requirements to ensure that they accomplish not only academic and behavioral educational goals but also to enhance their social integration and empowerment. Proposal The development of academic and behavioral programs that highlight socialization requires educators access to relevant research and the capacity to both research and their individual experience in developing interventions. In either case, Williams and Reisberg (2003) point out that teachers depend greatly on institutional support of such objectives and often have little direct participation in program development. This may be because of the need to develop general policies, procedures or methodologies but it also limits social context input thus diminishing the social relevance of interventions (Sailor et al, 2007). Therefore, there is a need for individual educational programs to develop their own evaluation methods to determine the socialization and social integration requirements of their students Recognizing the limitation on resources and manpower common to special education initiatives in public schools, the researchs target population will be limited to its existing students and extent of integration will only range from family to the school community interactions (Kopelowicz et al, 2006). It should be noted that the project should emphasize community and professional collaboration to create awareness and collect to multi-dimensional perspectives in improving socialization components to currently implemented academic and behavioral programs. Moreover, the evaluation or assessment programs must be easy to replicate so that it can be utilized in other educational settings and provide a baseline for socialization component evaluation. Rationale The assessment will then serve to develop high-impact low cost interventions, each intervention or program having a duration of twelve weeks. According to the studies conducted by Barry and Burlew (2004), Smith and Gilles (2003) and Koh and Robertson (2003), educators level of commitment to educational programs is often used as an indication of institutional commitment and concern to an issue. Thus, it is important for educators to take an active role in initiatives particularly where external stakeholders are involved. This is not only to utilize the social recognition of teachers role in education but also to utilize their professional practical experience. This becomes even more critical in special education programs since there is a limitation to public awareness and understanding of the socialization requirements of special needs students (Sailor et al, 2007). Even more critical is that without direct involvement in the evaluation or assessment program, educators will diminish their capacity to rational research and study results which in turn will impair the development of individual interventions and programs. Considering that the component of concern is socialization, the degree of sensitivity and relevance of the programs to specific social contexts will directly impact the level of social competency developed by students (Kopelowicz et al, 2006). More importantly, the assessment or evaluation program will be able to create a means to discuss perceived limitations in special education programs in addressing social stigmas and misconceptions regarding special education students, curriculum and requirements (Sloan et al, 2003). This will afford educators insights to the socialization impediments not only in education settings but society as a whole. In addressing such issues, programs will not only be able to sustain the relevance of programs after school but also initiate long-term social support systems for students. Conclusion In the case special education, this has become even more critical as the advocacy for social recognition and participation become critical to policies and treatments (Kam et al, 2004). Furthermore, research suggests that social skills development has been linked directly with perceived quality of special education and overall social acceptance of conditions being addressed by special education curriculum (Koh Robertson, 2003). This has translated to the inclusion of social integration objectives in both academic and behavioral interventions. This has increased the demand for collaborations between schools, parents and community (Sailor et al, 2007). However, to be able to fully meet this need, education stakeholders must not only develop programs but also institute evaluation and feedback systems to ensure the fulfillment of not only program objectives but also create opportunity to develop competencies, collaborations and public knowledge about special education concerns and issues. References Barry, Leasha M. and Burlew, Suzanne B. ( 2004). Using Social Stories to Teach Choice and Play Skills to Children With Autism.Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, Jan; 19: 45 51. Kam, Chi-Ming, Greenberg, Mark T. and Kusche, Carol A. ( 2004). Sustained Effects of the PATHS Curriculum on the Social and Psychological Adjustment of Children in Special Education. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, Jan; 12: 66 – 78. Koh, Myung-Sook and Robertson, Janna Siegel ( 2003). School Reform Models and Special Education. Education and Urban Society, Aug; 35: 421 442. Kopelowicz, Alex, Liberman, Robert Paul and Zarate, Roberto ( 2006). Recent Advances in Social Skills Training for Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull, Oct; 32: S12 S23. Sailor, Wayne, Stowe,Matthew J. , Turnbull, H. Rutherford and Kleinhammer-Tramill, P. Jeannie ( 2007). A Case for Adding a Social—Behavioral Standard to Standards-Based Education With Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support as Its Basis Remedial and Special Education, Dec; 28: 366 376. Sloan,Morris, Hughes, Marie Tejero, Elbaum, Batya and Sridhar, Dheepa ( 2003). Social Skills Interventions for Young Children with Disabilities: A Synthesis of Group Design Studies. Remedial and Special Education, Jan; 24: 2 15. Smith, Stephen W. and Gilles, Donna L. ( 2003). Using Key Instructional Elements to Systematically Promote Social Skill Generalization for Students with Challenging Behavior. Intervention in School and Clinic, Sep; 39: 30 37. Williams, Gregory J. and Reisberg, Leon ( 2003). Successful Inclusion: Teaching Social Skills Through Curriculum Integration. Intervention in School and Clinic,

Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe :: essays research papers

	Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who lived to the age of eighty-two and produced more than 130 volumes of poetry, plays, letters, and science, is acknowledged to be one of the giants of world literature. His writing ranged from fairy tales, to psychological novels, to political and historical novels, and to something completely unique and different such as Faust. 	Goethe was born shortly after the death of the Pope, on August 28, 1749 in Frankfurt am Main to a middle class family. His mother had many connections because she was a daughter of the mayor. Young Goethe was brought up having a feeling of aristocracy. He had only two siblings out of the total eight who survived. One was his sister Cornelia and the other was the first born. He began writing at an early age and wrote abundantly. As C.P. Magill points out, "his writings are of daunting bulk and diversity. He is the national poet of a most industrious people and the quantity of information about him is correspondingly enormous." His poetry is of numerous styles, ranging from the Renaissance to his own times. At the age of sixteen he was sent to study law at a university, but would have more gladly read classics at another university. After ten years he was invited by Duke Karl August to come to Weimar (this city would be his actual home until his death there on March 22, 1832). He was already a good lawyer and had written the novel Werther. His work in Weimar caused him to observe the natural world around him and led him towards science. He would yet write fourteen volumes on the subject. At that time Weimar was an important city in Germany. C.P. Magill describes the time in the following passage: "Up to the early years of this century, Weimar remained a symbol of the best elements in the German cultural tradition, and a center of activity in the arts. It was, for example, in its art schools, which Walter Gropius took over in 1919 and renamed the Bauhaus, that the modern movement in architecture began. Unhappy political associations now cling around the name of Weimar, providing for pessimists the futility of the exalted humanism engendered there in the eighteenth century and reminding the more sanguine that ideals are so called because they are unattainable." Footnote: Magill, C.P., German Literature (Great Britain, Oxford University Press, 1974) 50.

What dreams and visions motivate the characters of “Of Mice and Men” by John Steinbeck?

No matter how well we plan the future, things often go wrong. ‘Of Mice and Men', a novella by John Steinbeck, highlights the despair and misfortune of the American citizens in the 1930s. Following the collapse of the New York Wall Street stock market, the US entered a prolonged period of economic depression. During this period of failed business, harsh poverty and long-term unemployment, thousands of migrant workers came to California in search for work. In attempts to escape the ‘dust bowl' (a series of droughts and failed crops) workers migrated west, but to find themselves in no better state; slaving in ranches from day to day, poorly paid, poorly fed with nothing to loose but their hopes of pursuing â€Å"The American Dream† and indeed, as Steinbeck illustrates, these hopes can be lost. Having lived and experienced this lifestyle, Steinbeck presents his views of society in the 1930s in the form of the characters of this book. He shows that the simplest elements of identity can be the reason of the shattering of one's dream. The luxuries of â€Å"The Promised Land†, the dream of being rescued of fear and loneliness and the desire to live a happy life are but visions of a supernatural future for the characters of this novel. Loneliness is a common quality that a ranch- hand would possess, however, weather or not it is an advantage can be argued. In the 1930s, Workers were never in one place long enough to even make friends; these men would grow impassive and often set aside their ambitions. Characters like Carlson and Wit have no emotional depth; they are not touched or motivated by anything. Steinbeck doesn't describe Carlson's feelings, but instead just the way he is ‘thick-bodied'. Carlson's first conversation in this book is one where he plots to kill Candy's dog. Here we immediately recognise Carlson's indifferent nature. He is one of the best survivors at the ranch because of this; he wastes no time in planning out ‘dreams' for himself. Steinbeck uses Carlson's character to model a typical ranch- hand, loneliness a key for his survival. However, in contrast to Carlson, Lennie and George are the main pursuers of the â€Å"American dream†. Their vision of their future motivates them every day; and has become the reason and main influence of their decisions. Together, George and Lennie carefully plan their dream and work hard on the ranch to earn money for their future. George has repeated their plan to Lennie so many times that Lennie has actually learnt the dream off by heart. George tells Lennie of how they are each going to get what they want; George freedom and Lennie â€Å"gets to tend the rabbits†. The two characters believe that each cannot seek their dream alone. Evidently, George says, â€Å"We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us†¦ ecause I got you to look after me and you got me to look after you,† and for Lennie especially, it has been the main reason for their survival. The recollection of this dream is met several times throughout the novel. This shows that even the weakest of people can be stimulated by the image of their â€Å"perfect life†. Even George, though he seems quite tough, weakens when he visualises their future, his voice becomes â€Å"deeper† when he tells the dream and he â€Å"repeats his words rhythmically as though he had said them many times before†. Steinbeck's use of language here convey George's feelings, his rhythmic tone and deep voice suggest that he is in an almost trance- like mode, fantasising about his dream. This is very ironic however, seeing that George actually ends this vision himself. He prevents his own dream from coming or ever being able to come true. There is a strong moral-thread in this story, generally identified as the concern for the â€Å"underdog†. Steinbeck sympathises with any â€Å"out of the normal† character, weather physically or mentally disabled, racially or sexually different, â€Å"diverse† people in the 1930s were considered outcasts. Crooks for instance, both physically disabled and of a different (inferior) race, illustrates the social pressure that is cast upon those in his condition. He represents Steinbeck's thoughts and what he thinks of life for these men. Like Crooks, Steinbeck sees dreams as useless fantasies, this is shown by the fact that Crooks does not actually have existing dreams, he is well aware that dreams will never come true for men like them; disabled, poor, â€Å"black†. Through the years, Crooks has come to his senses, he has realised that his race is a huge obstacle which stands between himself and his happiness. Crooks illustrates the need of a partner in order to be able to dream. He only starts to dream when he is around other characters. Being left out and ignored has driven Crooks to separate himself from the community, disabling him from planning any dreams. â€Å"He whined,' A guy goes nuts if he ain't got nobody. ‘† Here Steinbeck blames the social attitudes, we pity Crooks by the way he â€Å"whines† telling us how his dreams have almost been beaten out of him and which now have been reduced to memories. In contrast, George and Lennie's dream represents one's success if accompanied by a partner. This dream was the closest to becoming true as there seemed to be no faults in it. However, when Lennie dies, the dream becomes impossible to achieve. Perhaps like Crooks, this dream will become but a memory to George. Crooks' memories of his childhood mirror George, Lennie and Candy's dream, both similar in the way they were based on being free, happy and being around people; â€Å"The American Dream†. Also, both dreams similarly extinguished due to the effects of the people around them. When Lennie dies, George's dream becomes extinct, likewise, Crooks' dreams end when he is separated from his family, left with no motivation, ambition or vision to look forward to every day. This injustice, however, might be seen beneficial to some characters. For example, at the ranch, Curley has the upper hand; power, money and a wife. This is because, the prejudice society of the 1930s allowed offenders like Curley to take advantage of less valued people, enjoying some benefits of the â€Å"American Dream† at the expense of the weaker characters. Another view would be that on the contrary, Curley, though mighty and powerful demonstrates the suffering caused by prejudice. He is silenced when a weaker character, Lennie, takes a stand (when Lennie crushed Curley's hand). Steinbeck shows yet another dream shattered when justice starts to appear. At Lennie's shooting, George is more pitied because his dream is not fulfilled, and now he has to live with the same misery and solitude Crooks endures. â€Å"George's voice was almost a whisper. † Again, a dream extinguished, showing that justice has no place in this society. Steinbeck shows George's helplessness, how this was beyond his control and how this is how things should end. Obstacles in this novel are never overcome; they are barriers separating fantasy from authenticity. Lennie's obstacle in this story is clearly his mental disability. He places himself in problematic situations which in return pull him further away from his dream. An example of this is that when he kills Curley's wife, Curley becomes determined to seek revenge and kill Lennie which disables the latter from fulfilling his dream. However, Lennie is not aware of his actions, he simply lives by what George trains him to do, motivated by the vision George has built for him, looking forward to tending his beloved rabbits. He does not understand what obstacles are and does not see the ones he faces. When Curley's wife dies, Curley is only determined to seek revenge, like Carlson, Curley has become a lonely man with no ambitions. â€Å"He worked himself into a fury† this clearly shows how Curley has also become impassive and insensitive, the same way Carlson is, the same way George will be when he loses Lennie. Moreover, Lennie's death shatters Candy's dream too. Candy's hopes of a better life rebuild (as do Crooks') when he meets Lennie, he starts planning and preparing himself as if he was to relive his life again: â€Å"†He just sets in the bunk house sharpening his pencils and sharpening and figuring†Ã¢â‚¬  Candy is very enthusiastic about this dream, he has always found that his age and physical disability have prevent him from having a happy ending. He knows that, just like his old dog, he will be gotten rid of because he is of no use anymore. There is a pattern here which Steinbeck emphasises; he tells us that the strong and admirable will never have a happy ending at the ranch. Candy's brilliant sheepdog was shot because he became old and useless, Candy is going to be thrown out of the barn for the same reason and Slim is predicted to end up this way too. Your position in the community depends on how much you are accepted by society, which is based on cultural attitudes. It is ironic how Candy is helpless due to his old age whilst Curley's wife's helplessness is due to her young age. Steinbeck hints at prejudice here which is purely society's model man against the other types of people. Women, for instance were meant to be seen and not heard. They seemed to have no rights. Curley's wife is an example of this prejudiced idea. She is expected to stay at home and entertain her husband, regardless of her desires. No one cares about her ambitions to be a movie star or her longing for company. Even her mother tried to prevent her from achieving her goals because it was clear that women were weaker and less outspoken because of their sex. Curley's wife is a highly ambitious character, she says that she wants to make something of herself, she wanted to be like â€Å"in the movies†; rich, famous and glamorous. Her attempts to fulfil her wishes backfire on her every time. She was disrespected and called a â€Å"tart† when she merely tried to find company. This is ironic as the ranch hands repeatedly talk about going to the â€Å"cat house† and having â€Å"a hell of a lot of fun†. This illustrates the way women were considered property, men could think of them as they liked. They were not to have dreams but if they did their dreams were known not to have come true, simply because they are women. â€Å"Of Mice and Men† is indeed a tragic story of how prejudice, racism, sexism and intolerance of the weak prevented people from achieving their dreams. In this novella Steinbeck demonstrates the disturbing effects of rejecting those who are not seen worthy enough in the community. He blames society and, as I see it, mainly the physically and mentally strong white men for perpetuating with this concept. These men are even blamed for their own pathetic ways of life, they are the reason no one can achieve â€Å"The American Dream† because the â€Å"weaker† beings are part of this dream too. Steinbeck shows us how society is the main influence on people's lives. If one is not accepted in society, then their hopes and dreams will perish despite the injustice and immorality it may bring. He disgraces society for its prejudice ways and holds it responsible for the suffering of all of its members, weak or strong.

Ipil Seeds As Shoe Polisher Essay

He gives us that vast goodness of nature and vegetation is among those. As manpropagates for abundance; he deserves to harbor tremendous benefits from it. Man inhabited earth with all its richness laid before him. With his gladness,ingenuity and constant search for knowledge he discovered numerous ways to enrich hismind of endless ideas, body for health and longevity and spirit to fulfill his close relationwith his maker and humanity. Thus, man discovers infinite ways and makes use ofaccessible resources to satisfy his longings for health and wellness.The discovery of herbal plants made the possible existence of modern medicine.Modern medicine makes use of these plants in making capsulated herbal medicine or foodsupplements. It is scientifically proven that numerous of vitamins and minerals are foundin herbal plants that can supply the needs of living things, specifically humans. Thesevitamins and minerals help supply energy within a persons body, which is needed foreveryday activities in order for them to perform well. Herbal plants nowadays are not justmade as medicinal purposes but also as food ingredients so that it may add a unique andhealthier flavor to foods. Malunggay or Horse radish (Moringa oelifera) was once considered a â€Å"poorman’s vegetable† but now it is known as a â€Å"miracle tree† or â€Å"nature’s medicinecabinet† by scientists and health care workers from around the world because itis loaded with vitamins and minerals that can be an effective remedy againstmany kinds of ailments such as arthritis, anemia, ovarian cancer, heartcomplications, kidney problems, asthma and digestive disorders . This plantthrives in tropical countries, mainly in Southeast Asia, Central and SouthAmerica and Africa. It is indeed widely cultivated. It grows up to ten (10)meters tall and its leaflets are ovate to elliptic and are two (2) centimeters long.Each ounce of Malunggay contains seven times the Vitamin C found in oranges,four times the Vitamin A of carrots, three times the iron of spinach, four times asmuch calcium as milk and three times the potassium of bananas. It is said thatthat these plants require little  maintenance, which makes it easy for cash-strapped people to gain health without thinking of budget concerns. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is an edible flowering plant in the family ofAmaranthaceae which originated from Central and Southwestern Asia and isnow widely cultivated throughout the world. It grows to a height of up to thirty(30) centimeters and its leaves are simple, alternate, ovate to triangular-basedand varies in size from two (2) to three (3) centimeters long and one to fifteen(15) centimeters broad. Besides of it being considered as an herb rich in Iron, it isalso a rich source of Carbohydrates, Dietary fiber, Fat, Protein, Vitamin A, Beta-carotene, Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Folate, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin K andCalcium. It is well-known in stabilizing the blood sugar among diabetics, itserves as an anti-oxidant, an anti-cancer agent, it prevents from atherosclerosisor thickening and hardening of arteries and it aids in the formation of the bloodsubstance required for bloodclotting.The combination of both herbs can surely make a nutritious supplementfor all ages. This study presents the result of the beneficial mix of Malunggayand Spinach known as  ³ Malunggay and Spinach powder.  ´ A power duo, aproduct of nature, harness within reach and concoctedwith simplicity Significance of the Study Health awareness is the prime investment, ingenuity is the investors joining effort and wellnessis the net gain. Most people think that adapting a healthy and well-conditioned life isexpensive and difficult to achieve. The significance is just how one resourcefully utilizes thecheap, the natural abundance of nature, and the untiring quest to alternatives and remedies.Malunggay and Spinach are kind of vegetables that are rich with vitamins,minerals and amino acids that are needed for optimum health. The purposeful cahoots willserve as a supplement Malunggay, touted as all- around miracle tree or natures medicine cabinet contains a wide variety of nutrients in high amounts and Spinach, known as  powerhouse of nutrients fill in essential Potassium, Phosphorus and Niacin thatMalunggay does not have. This potent combination in powder form add nutrition to ourdeficient diet due to modern farming methods,nutrient-deficient soils, high levels ofpollution that places more stress, and busy lifestyles that make it hard to prepare healthybalanced diet. It acts as an inexpensive insurance against nutritional deficiencies.This study will promote awareness on the relevance of serving of vegetable meals,soup, bread, dessert, shakes, juices and mixes with Malunggay and Spinach powder. It encourage households to plant Malunggay and Spinach in backyards for personalconsumption. Furthermore, it supports the Department of Agriculture on their program ofpropagating vegetable garden e.g. Malunggay and Spinach as a under its biotechnology program where it currently enjoys wide array ofMalunggay, Spinach and other vegetable based products manufactured in the Philippinesand being sold in local and international markets. Finally, it inspires people to study andsearch for benefits on vegetables and oth er agricultural products. The study focused on the specifications of how to procure the major quality ingredients, the Malunggay and Spinach leaves and conscientiously observed the proper storage andmaintanance of suitable room temperature. It took two (2) months and a half to get the final result of the research work using the method of  experimentation. As Malunggay wasreadily cultivated in the backyard on the contrary, Spinach was a hard find. It started froma given tiny seedling from mountainous Busay and was replanted. The Spinach wastediously tended since it was never been spared from the affectation of long drought asbrought by, El Nià ±o phenomenon and propagated until such time ready for harvest. The study had undergone three (3) repeated experimentations to come up with reliable andfactual results. Firstly, the  outcome of the Malunggay and Spinach leaves harvested atnoontime when the sun is intense. Secondly, the two (2) primary ingredients were hangedoutside with moderate exposure to sunlight. And lastly, the recommended procedure wasfollowed closely to yield the desired result.Moreover, the study has its pitfalls as the targeted yield of the Malunggay and Spinach Powderwas 200 grams but the finished product yielded only 60 grams with an approximateproportion: 30 grams of Malunggay and 30 grams of Spinach leaves respectively due tolimited produce of Spinach leaves. METHODOLOGY In acquiring the study of Malunggay and Spinach powder, constant research wasdone. Facts were gained from books and computer resources. The abundance of the saidvegetables which most of the time left out wilted aroused a curious mind thus the researchdrew its concept. The accessibility and availability of both vegetables inspired the researchwhere an actual and continuous propagation was made to ensure freshness of harvest during the several process of experimentation. A series of trial and error process was madewherein an exact time of harvest must be observed and storage in a well-ventilated roommust be followed. Three rooms in the house were carefully chosen in which a room at thebasement was ample to suit the experiment need. Both vegetables compliment each other interms voluminous vitamins and minerals that supplement the everyday nutrient needs ofpeople in order to fulfill their daily activities. The preparation of Malunggay and Spinach powder are as follows:Harvest Malunggay and Spinach leaves early morning just when the dew has dried up.Bundle Malunggay and Spinach leaves and hang upside down in a well-ventilated room. Dont expose to sunlight. Use brown paper bag to catch falling leaves. Use clothespin to secure the brown paper bag to where you hang both leaves. Allow leaves to fall in the paperbag. Grind, pound or blend when the leaves dried up. Seal in a container.Varied usage of this powder as:Tea, combine in vegetable meal, soup, bread, cookies, cakes, desserts, shakes, juices,sandwiches and ice cream. Review of Related Literature of Ipil ipil seeds as an alternative shoe polisher (LOCAL) Ipil-ipil is found throughout the Philippines in the settled areas at low and medium altitudes. It s locally gregarious an abundant.This is a small tree, 2 to 6 meters high.The pinnae are 8 to 16, and 5 to 8 centimeters long. The leaflets are 20 to 30, linear-oblong, and 7 to 12 millimeters in length. The heads are solitary, at the axils of the leaves, long-peduncled, globose, and 2 to 5 centimeters in diameter, with many white flowers. The pods are thin, flat, strap-shaped, 12 to 18 centimeters long, and 1.4 to 2 centimeters wide, each containing from 15 to 25 elliptic, compressed, shining, brown seeds. Ipil-ipil is popularly known in the Philippines for firewood and is useful also in reforestration work. It is also much used as a cover crop and is a good exterminator of â€Å"kogon†. The bark produces brown dye. In some provinces the seeds are used as a substitute for coffee. The seeds are also used in making bags, etc. The leaves are injurious to horses who eat them. They a re said to cause falling of hair from their manes and tails. Cattle and goats do not seem to be affected. The raw seeds contain fat 8.68 percent, crude fiber 22.59 percent, nitrogen-free material other than fiber 9.78 percent, nitrogen 6.42 percent, traces of sucrose, water 14.8 percent and ash 4.2 percent.

Why are there different theories of the state Which one do you find most useful and why

Why are there different theories of the state Which one do you find most useful and why Introduction The purpose of this essay is to provide an overview of the different theories of the state, highlight the various reasons why there are different theories of the state, and finally, identify the most useful theory as well as providing a justification of the choice.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why are there different theories of the state? Which one do you find most useful and why? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theories forms the basis of explaining complex phenomenon in a more practical way, and as such the relations that exist in a nation-state can only be understood with the help of a theory. There exist different theories of the state such as pluralism, elite theory, classic Marxist theory, realism and corporatism (Barzel, 2002, p. 75). The main proponents of the Pluralism are Talcott Parsons, Arnold Rose, Nail Smelser and Peter Bently. This theory is based on functionalism and its emphases are ; stability, equilibrium, conservative perspective and gradual change. This theory maintains that societal power is widely shared, fragmented, decentralized and deriving from a number of sources (Duncan, 2009, p. 34). It also opine that society consist of groups and associations that are many and diverse with conflicting interests that are balanced by the state, and as such the groups have considerable influences on major institutions and government policy. It also assumes a natural power balance among different groups coupled with democratic traditions, consensus of values, procedures and principles. In addition, governmental and economic institutions are separate thus they are not overlapping sources of power. In this theory, the state performs roles which include; it represents institutionalized authority and power, it is the supreme guardian of democracy, it acts as the mediator or bargaining agent, as well as policing conflict of interest and promoting harmony to attain order a nd equilibrium (Dubbink, 2003, p. 179). The second theory of the state is elite theory. This theory opine that the societal power rests in the hands of a few individuals who have power over key institutions resources, and at the same time the elite group are not accountable to the citizens. They derive their power from social organizations meaning that they possess a lot of power, and as such, they do anything to ensure that they retain power. They theory opine that there is stratification in societies, the present power is utilized for societal welfare and benefit or for personal gain, there are one or other ruling elites, and that the powerful and the elite are the same.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The elites have such resources as cunning and skills, as well as intelligence, this variation sets them apart from the populace with the masses being characterized by incompetence, apathy and not able to govern themselves. In addition, the prevailing organizational complexities necessitate for a leader. The relations that are built are in relation to power and wealth. For instance, power in United States rests in control of the Pentagon, that is, the state, the economy and the military (Smith, 1995, p. 91). The third theory is classic Marxist theory, which maintains that individuals who have power over the means of production rule society. They further asserts that the main determinant of political phenomenon is the politics class basis, that individuals realize themselves through work, and the basis or foundation of the society is the economy. It continues to maintain that political conflict equates to class conflict since political groups are composed of classes. In addition, economic dominance translates to power with power flowing from economic relations. The state performs functions such as; legitimizing and perpetuation of the existing s ocial class system, and accumulating role, as well (Hay, Marsh Liste, 2007, p. 53). The other theory is realism. This theory maintains that there is a difference between the politics realm and ethics and moral principles realm. It also argues that the state has absolute power, single-minded pursuit of interest, national security and power. Objective laws rooted in human nature rule the society and politics. Lastly, we have corporatism theory where the state is seen as the supreme central organ that is responsible for leading and directing society based on its directives. In addition, cooperation between the state, trade unionists and capitalists is necessary to ensure capital accumulation and investment, increased levels of employment, and citizen consumption. The theory further champion for state intervention provided the interventions fall within the principles of capitalist. This theory further asserts that the state should play a vital role in leading the major institutions in the economy, while the business sector plays a reciprocal role.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why are there different theories of the state? Which one do you find most useful and why? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main aim of this category of theories is to ensure equitable redistribution of resources, lower the unemployment levels, as well as inflation and extend citizenship rights (Williamson, 1989, p. 89). Rationale for different theories of the state Research points out the variation in ideologies as the main source of different theories of the state. Scholars come up with their theories based on observations and purpose, and as such, the findings of their observation may vary, though, they are eligible for generalization (Kelsen, 2007, p. 62). For instance, a state is made up of sub-systems such as society, institutions and the people/groups. The relationship between these three sub-systems may vary an d be insufficient, and as such scholars seeks to increase the body of knowledge through developing new theories and upgrading the existing theories (Avineri, 2004, p. 88). The other reason why there is growth in the number of theories of the state is the conception that an analysis that focuses mainly on a certain state is insufficient. Ideally, the states are different, distinct entities; hence, there is no similar relation between different states. As such, most theories discuss other aspect such as obligation, authority and rights, but there is no exclusive analysis on the state (Williamson, 2010, p. 64). This existing gap in studies triggers the need to analyze and develop a theory that can explain the existing relationship in the state. Other scholars opine that the power variations, theoretical frameworks as well as inter-state pressures are playing a major role in shaping states development, yet they are deficient in explaining the global and the depth dimensions of the chang es that are currently taking place (Eckersley, 2004, p. 66). The unitary aspect of the world as stipulated by the dependency theory, enumerated that significance of understanding of different actions of certain states in relation to the bipolar relationship. The existing concept of unity among states triggers the need to establish the underlying principles that leads to the presence of such relations. This pattern of relationship among states necessitates the development of a theory which explains in depth and expound in details of such relationship. This can only be possible through a theory.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The need of a theory is to act as a guideline during state development agenda such as reforms which can only be understood in relation to the constraints that arise out of the centre-periphery relationship. The dependency theory plays a vital role in guiding state action. Moreover, the social relation nature of the state is another aspect that explains the different theories of the state. The social phenomenon that is present in a state cannot be separated; hence, they form a social relation. As such, social relations, that is, relations between people are characterized as unstable, fluid, often passionate, and unpredictable. However, they rigidify to forms that appear to get hold of their own dynamic, and their own autonomy, forms, which are vital for societal stability, especially the capitalist society. As such, it is difficult to scientifically think about such forms, and doing so is like a criticism to the discipline. Therefore, it is vital to develop theories that explain in d etails such rigidity of the state. In addition, such a theory forms the basis of understanding the togetherness that prevails among states. The nature of the states is another key factor that results in different theories of the state. The derivation of the state can be either singular or as capitalists puts it â€Å"nation-state† form, as such this concept strives to the understanding of the political or statehood. In addition, to analyze the relationship between society and the state it is necessary to assume a correlation between society, state and social class. To alleviate the confusion that may arise between ‘the political’ and the state, a theoretical generalization is necessary. For a better conceptualization of the relationship between the globally mobile capital and the nationally fixed state, it is necessary to analyze political development in relation to the conflict that result from capital fractions and the state. This linkage between capital and st ate is shown using personal connections and family links, and as such the links are theoretically explored in order to bring out clearly the capitalist nature of the economy. This is evident in theories such as classic theories of imperialism, state capitalist theory and state monopoly capitalist theory (Shaw, 2000, p. 51). The growing competition among states, as well as the varying positions of different economies in regard to global capital cannot be sufficiently discussed in relation to competition among ‘national capitals’. This discussion can be sufficiently deliberated from the mobility of capital perspective as compared to immobility of capital standpoint. Not only does the existence of a single country depend on world capitalism reproduction, but also on capitalism reproduction within its borders. The competitive struggle that is witnessed among states is not only concerning a competition between national capitals, however it is a struggle between states to ret ain and attract a share of the global capital (Holloway, 1995, p. 61). This can only be achieved through ensuring favorable conditions such as maintenance of law and order, building of infrastructure, provision of education, as well as labor power regulation within a national state borders. As such, states depicts an antagonism, which expresses not an exploitation of the periphery states by the developed states, but rather expose the unequal struggle between states in relation to global capital attraction (Beer, 1974, p. 77). According to the dependency theory, states can only be understood in relation to their presence in the bipolar world whose main characterization is exploitation. However, exploitation is not poor countries exploiting rich countries, but an exploitation of global labor by world capital, and again the bipolarity is the one for class. In this sense, it is difficult to understand the relation between states as an external one, and as such, the understanding of nati onal development can only be theorized in order to point out a clear understanding of a national state development and limit confusion that may occasion any generalization made scientifically (Marciano, 2005, p. 78). Corporatist theory I prefer this theory since it create an economic system, which serves the interest of all the groups. In this case, a hybrid system will serve this purpose best, as observed in the case of United States. The components of such a system are that it provides the private sector and public (government) with the opportunity to control equally part of the natural resources. These will ensure that the different opinions in the society receive a moderate balance. In addition, the system should be one which the government plays a pivotal role in providing the necessary solutions and strategies of solving the problems facing the society (Barzel, 2002, p. 52). In addition, the system, as well, will ensure integration of both the private sector and government uni ts in the production of various goods and services to solve amicably the issues prevailing in a society. The government cannot solely provide quality and affordable goods and services that can be equitably distributed among the members of the society (Wiarda, 1981, p. 77). For instance, the government cannot provide quality health and education facilities to all members of the society; this will create conflict among the society members. When access to resources and means of production is by both the government and the private sector, the government will have surplus resources that can be used in providing services such as health, education, infrastructure, legal, and military defense to the society (Pressman, 2006, p. 31). The system should also have components such as, the government ability to take precedence in any decisions that move around quantity of goods to be produced. The government is responsible in making final decisions whenever there is an issue that brings contention , and the two parties cannot square out a balance. The private sector contribution to the economy should be geared towards the achievement of objectives that add to equitable and fair distribution of available resources. The resources should be utilized in a manner that will consider those of future generation. The utilization of resources should be socially oriented. The overall pattern of the economic system has changed due to a change in some trends, in the economy. Some of these trends include; democratization, significant shift to market economies as well as the revival of cultural and ethnic politics (Dunleavy, 1994, p. 48). Democracy is taking the center stage in the political arena of many countries, with economies engaging in free, regular and fair elections. Democracy has nurtured civil liberties like freedom of speech, assembly and belief, neutrality in legal aspects, civilian control of the military, presence of civil societies that provide individuals with opportunities to own and operate their property as well as a rule of law that ensure equal opportunities for all the citizens in an economy. This is in relation to the key features that corporatism nurtures and strengthens (Centeno, 2001, p. 54). The resulting competition, which arise when an economy facilitates the engagement of both the private and public sectors of the economy has influenced the shift by most of the economies to a market system. Economies are moving to systems that foster success and recently a term known as marketization whose adoption by a good number of economies is on the rise. Marketization describes a re-creation in the economy where labor, goods, services and property are all allowed to function in a market, that is, a competitive environment to determine their price. The move has seen privatization of state owned property, where the government decides to sell some property they own to private individuals (Wagner, 2007, p. 86). Fragmentations that exist among the membe rs of the society play a pivotal role in determining and shaping politics in the world. Nationalism is on its diving mode due to the increasing globalization. The revival of cultural and ethical conflicts can hamper the system prevailing in an economy. This is because nations that have varying ideologies and socioeconomic differences may lead to a shift in the economic system from realism to a pluralism economy. In this sense, it is necessary to have government interventions so as o mitigate the consequences that could result from conflicting ideologies among society members (Hestad, 2009, p. 34). When an economy embraces corporatism, there is some degree of success. The measurement of success of an economy is through the economic progress indicators. The main indicators of economic progress include; equal distribution of resources, low levels of poverty, low levels of illiteracy, life expectancy rate improvement, improved agriculture, as well as equitable access of opportunities (D unleavy OLeary, 2000, p. 61). For, the system to accurately function a central planning authority should be the place with a mandate of ensuring that there is an achievement of proper planning and allocation of resources. The planning authority is in a central place where all the different aspects of economic resources are channel to, and their function is to draw up a plan of ensuring that all societies benefit from their efforts and resources, for example, the one that is in place in United States (Pressman, 2006, p. 72). In addition, corporatism asserts that the ownership of a number of resources is by individuals and some by the Government. The decisions regarding the production of goods are partly by individuals and partly by the government. For example, land, factories and other properties can be under the ownership of individuals and departments like railways, sea and airports are under the control of the Government. The opinions of individuals and government are deposit int o consideration when making a decision (Morrow, 1995, p. 56). Based on these documented studies and literature, a state has complex relations that can only be explained by the help of a theory. Each theory has its main tenets that underlie its development, and these points at the key features that are common among states. With such deliberation between the reasons for a considerable number of theories of the state, this essay maintains that an economy such as United States and any other similar state can utilize corporatism theory to attain its microeconomic objectives of fair distribution of resources, price stability, as well as economic growth (Cole, 1994, p. 42). References Avineri , S., 2004, Hegels theory of the modern state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Barzel, Y., 2002, A theory of the state: economic rights, legal rights, and the scope of  the State Political economy of institutions and decisions. New York: Cambridge University Press. Barzel, Y., 2005, A theory of the state: economic rights, legal rights, and the scope of  the state. New York: Sage. Beer, S., 1974, Designing Freedom, Chichester. New York: John Wiley Sons. Centeno, M. A., 2001, The other mirror: grand theory through the lens of Latin  America. New York: Princeton University Press. Cole, G. H., 1994, The pluralist theory of the state. New York: Routledge. Dubbink, W., 2003, ‘State, Market and Civil Society in a New Configuration’, In Wim  Dubbink, Assisting the Invisible Hand: Contested Relations Between Market, State and Civil Society. Dordecht: Kluwer Publishing. Duncan, G. C., 2009, Democracy and the capitalist state, London: CUP Archive. Dunleavy, P., OLeary, B., 2000, Theories of the state: the politics of liberal  democracy. New York: New Amsterdam. Dunleavy, P., 1994, Theories of the state: the politics of liberal democracy. New York: Education. Eckersley, R., 2004, The green state: rethinking democracy and sovereignty, New York: MIT Press. Hay, C., Marsh, D., Liste, M., 2007, The State- Theories and Issues. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Hestad, L., 2009, Theories of the state. Dakota: University of South Dakota. Holloway, J., 1995, Global Capital and the National State. Basingtoke: MacMillan. Kelsen, H., 2007, General Theory of Law And State, New York: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. Marciano, A. J., 2005, Law and the state: a political economy approach. New York: Edward Elgar Publishing. Morrow, R., 1995, Social theory and education: a critique of theories of social and  cultural reproduction. London: SUNY Press. Pressman, S., 2006, Alternative theories of the state. London: Palgrave MacMillan Pressman, S., 2010, Alternative theories of the state. London: Sage. Shaw, M., 2000, Theory of the global state: globality as unfinished revolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Smith, G. H., 1995, The theory of the state. New York: Princeton University. Wagner , R. H., 2007, War and the state: the theory of international pol itics. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Wiarda, H. J., 1981, Corporatism and national development in Latin America. New York: Westview Press. Williamson, P. J., 2010, Varieties of Corporatism: A Conceptual Discussion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Williamson, P. J., 1989, Corporatism in perspective: an introductory guide to  corporatist theory, New York: Sage.

Say No to Your Darlings

Say No to Your Darlings Say No to Your Darlings Say No to Your Darlings By Michael Veteran writers often advise aspiring writers to â€Å"kill your darlings.† Grisly, isnt it, but they all say it. William Faulkner wrote, â€Å"In writing, you must kill all your darlings.† Stephen King wrote, â€Å"kill your darlings, kill your darlings, even when it breaks your egocentric little scribbler’s heart, kill your darlings.† Notice that King said kill three times, but then, we are talking about Stephen King. According to Slates culture editor Forrest Wickman, this advice was originally given by more than a century ago by Cornish writer Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch (his pen name was Q). In On the Art of Writing: Lectures Delivered in the University of Cambridge, 1913–1914, Sir Arthur Q advised: If you here require a practical rule of me, I will present you with this: ‘Whenever you feel an impulse to perpetrate a piece of exceptionally fine writing, obey it- whole-heartedly- and delete it before sending your manuscript to press. Murder your darlings. Observe that Sir Q didnt say murder your whole manuscript. And he didnt tell us to ignore your darlings either. No, he encourages us to put our darlings whole-heartedly onto paper. Just dont send that piece of paper to the publisher. And how did our friend Q define darlings? As a piece of exceptionally fine writing, one that happens to have been written by yourself. A darling is not a wickedly appropriate plot twist or a subtle yet deep character insight. No, it is merely a purported example of exceptionally fine writing. Does it further the story or reveal character or do any of the things that truly fine writing does? Erm, no comment. My takeaway on this: if something helps your reader, dont murder it. If it only make it easier to pat yourself on the back, lose it. Sir Q didnt really say to kill your darlings. He said okay, he said murder your darlings. No way am I going to write one thousand words encouraging you to murder a loved one. So let me adjust the analogy. Nobody wants to think about losing a beloved child. We all want to keep our darlings. But just because we love our darlings doesnt mean that right here is the right place for them. Cute as a three-year-old daughter is, I can think of a lot of places in the house that she doesnt need to be, and a lot of things she doesnt need to be doing. We would never get rid of her, but often we need to say no to her. Her cuteness makes it hard to say no, but not less necessary. Im using the singular feminine when I talk about darlings, calling her she, because losing a favorite character or passage or idea can feel giving up a favorite daughter. Deliberately giving her up, by your own choice, seems even worse. Maybe you feel like youre committing child abandonment. Except it isnt really like that. Once your book goes to press, your readers will never miss your darling. They will never know she is missing. Since she didnt really belong in your book, you will never miss her there. Yes, she seems so precious. But having your writing called precious is not usually a compliment. But what if your darling feels real to you, already a three-dimensional character in your mind or deserving to become one? What if you cant give her up? Fortunately, saying no to your darling this time doesnt mean you cant say yes to her later. Just cut and paste the passage into another file on your computer. Yes, you must remove your darling from where she doesnt belong, but you dont have to delete your darling entirely. Maybe she will fit beautifully in another story. She may become the centerpiece, the key to your new masterpiece. By the way, that other file doesnt need to be reserved only for deceased darlings. You should keep an idea file anyway, for all those ideas which you already know they dont fit into your current project. I like to review my idea files sometimes even when Im not particularly working on anything. It makes me feel more brilliant. I have to recognize, however, that not all my darlings are simply misplaced beauties. Maybe that character isnt as three-dimensional as I believed. Maybe Im deceived about the truthfulness of that plot line. Maybe life isnt really like that. Maybe my affection is misplaced. Regardless, once youve done away with your darling, immediately fill in the hole she left. Read over the part just before the cut, and keep on going and writing from there. How do you recognize a darling that needs to be removed? And where do you find the courage to remove her? Well, we often find courage and wisdom in other people. A writer needs other people alpha readers, beta readers, or a writing group. You need these intelligent, literate people to look into your story, to show you how well they appreciate the good parts (demonstrating their great insight), and to share with you how confused or apathetic they felt when they read the other parts. Inconceivable, isnt it, that so many intelligent readers dont appreciate something that is so obviously brilliant. If only one reader has trouble with it, maybe thats his problem. If many readers have trouble with it, maybe theres your problem. And you need to take care of it. Essentially, your darlings are the beloved parts of your work that dont advance your work. And you need others to help you see the truth, just some parents are incapable of seeing that their three-year-old is spoiled until others point it out. Saying no to your darlings will make you stronger. Suffering tends to do that sort of thing. Accepting another point of view will increase your empathy. Youre giving up something you love out of deference to others. Doing so will make you less selfish and a better writer. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. HadYay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other Acclamations10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing

San Francisco Prescott Hotel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

San Francisco Prescott Hotel - Essay Example The hotel offers some of the best services to its customers. From celebrities to business executives, from families to groups of friends, the hotel fits the needs of all its guests. The experience is unmatchable and the hotel is marked as one of the bests mainly because of the front desk staff here at Prescott. The front desk staff plays a major role in any hotel’s success and progress. They tend to carry out some of the major activities related to the customers including welcoming customers, listening and responding to customer complaints and needs, allocated check ins and check outs, ensuring security arrangements, settling customers’ accounts, and giving them important information or messages (Sterling, 2010). The hotel pampers its guests and provides them with a number of facilities that would add up to their amazing experience. It gives club level accommodations to the guests including complimentary breakfast and a free hosted bar night for two hours. The wine receptions in the evening for business executives and friends are hosted in the lobby lounge near the fireside. This is completely arranged and handled by the employees of Prescott. The front desk department has the duty to ensure all the events and services are given to the customers and there are no complaints. The staff at Prescott is friendly, highly professional, and trained in providing guests a remarkable experience. As we know that the biggest attraction that the hotel has is its location. The building of the hotel was originally built in early 1900s giving it old world elegance and adding to the historic importance of the location. The hotel lobby lounge adds to the historic importance as it includes paintings and interior which reflects the historical details related to the city. Prescott has trained its front desk department with all the necessary details about the paintings and the building. The employees seem to